Kodo millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum L.), a climate-resilient and nutritionally rich small millet, holds immense potential in addressing food and nutritional security amidst changing climatic conditions. Domesticated in India over 3000 years ago, it is traditionally cultivated in marginal and rainfed ecosystems across central and southern India. Its agronomic resilience, marked by tolerance to drought, poor soils, and high temperatures, makes it an ideal crop for sustainable agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions. Recent years have witnessed growing interest in kodo millet for its adaptability and superior nutritional profile, being rich in dietary fiber, essential minerals, and bioactive compounds. However, research on kodo millet remains very limited compared to other minor millets. The significant progress made in genomics, breeding, and nutritional research in millets such as finger millet, foxtail millet, and pearl millet should serve as a roadmap to accelerate scientific investigations in kodo millet. Given this, this chapter presents a comprehensive overview of kodo millet, encompassing its origin, domestication, current production status, and key agronomic practices. It further elaborates on its role in climate resilience, including adaptability and breeding for stress tolerance, and highlights recent advances in genomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics for improving climate-resilience traits. The nutritional importance of kodo millet and its contribution to future dietary security are emphasized, with discussions on germplasm characterization and omics-driven approaches to enhance nutritional quality. In the context of global efforts toward agrobiodiversity conservation and climate-resilient agriculture, kodo millet emerges as a strategic crop to address the dual challenges of malnutrition and climate change. This chapter outlines future directions for breeding, research, and policy support for mainstream kodo millet and their integration into resilient and diversified food.