In this chapter, we have investigated the intricate relationship between Crude Birth Rate and TFR, acknowledging their unique yet crucial roles as fertility indicators. A decrease in CBR is frequently associated with a growing incidence of infertility. Consequently, we identify pivotal factors that influence human fertility, organizing them into three categories: male, female, and other common vital factors. The first two categories delve into biological aspects, while the third encompasses non-clinical parameters. Our objective is to simplify the comprehension of reproductive dynamics and advocate for family planning. We underscore the significance of early-stage diagnosis and preventive measures by delineating prevalent risk factors. By classifying factors into clinical and non-clinical parameters, we strive to enhance understanding of the intricate landscape of infertility complexities. Societal awareness becomes paramount in grasping the influential factors contributing to the upward trend in infertility rates.