With the rapid growth of the world population, the global demand for energy and new materials has sharply increased. Most of today’s chemicals and polymers still come from fossil resources; about 8% of petroleum is used to manufacture polymers. However, the production and use of petroleum-based materials often accompany the generation of a large amount of pollutants, and their waste is also increasing. Moreover, most polymers are discarded after use, and the long-term non-degradability of these products poses a great threat to the earth’s ecological environment, making the environment on which humans depend for survival increasingly deteriorate. According to statistics, tens of millions of tons of plastic waste will be emitted globally every year. People are increasingly concerned about the adverse environmental and socioeconomic consequences of petrochemicals, and the lifespan of fossil resources is also an important factor that people have to consider. Therefore, it is of extraordinary significance to use natural biomass polymers as research objects, explore their different synthesis techniques, and study the innovative development of corresponding raw materials. In this chapter, we will focus on the introduction of biobased materials and their chemical synthesis methods, as well as the main degradable biobased materials’ chemical synthesis routes, and summarize some practical problems in these materials’ synthesis and the latest synthesis processes.