Engineered Living Materials (ELMs) consist of living matter or cell communities that are embedded in self-regenerating matrices made of either their own natural components or artificial scaffolds. The living cells form or assemble the material itself (with responsive function or/and scaffold function), or regulate the functional performance of the material in some way. The development of engineered living materials will push the boundaries and frontiers of synthetic biology, materials engineering, nanotechnology, biomaterials, and artificial intelligence, and guide the emergence of new fields. The self-replication, self-repair, and environmental response of living systems, as well as the ability to interact with inorganic and/or organic substances, enable biological systems to develop engineered living materials with special properties (Fig. 4.1) (An et al. 2023).