Machine vision, often regarded as the “eyes of a machine,” acquires external information in a way conceptually similar to human vision but differs greatly in precision and processing. While humans can quickly form general impressions of a scene, they struggle with detailed, repetitive, or quantitative tasks. Machine vision excels in these areas, providing high-accuracy measurement, stable performance, and reliable defect detection when supported by appropriate algorithms. Although it lacks intuitive understanding without prior programming, it consistently outperforms human vision in defined tasks. This chapter introduces the fundamentals of machine vision and its role in enabling precise and automated visual inspection.