Brazil initiated its space activities in the 1960s, a period when space technology was still incipient in most parts of the world and largely restricted to the great powers of the Cold War. Six decades later, South America’s largest country has made notable advancements in the space domain, including the training of human resources, the development of national satellites, and the establishment of launch centres. However, significant challenges persist, particularly concerning the country’s capacity to achieve autonomous access to space through the development of indigenous launch vehicles, in collaboration with private industry. Moreover, recent transformations in the global space ecosystem—such as the emergence of private sector actors and the proliferation of novel business models—necessitate a reassessment of Brazil’s national space framework and the investment patterns that have characterised its space endeavours over the past six decades. These challenges span structural, institutional, and market dimensions, directly influencing the level of private sector participation within an increasingly uncertain international landscape, wherein military operations are ever more dependent on satellite-based information and connectivity. Considering these developments, this chapter examines how Brazil is addressing these economic and institutional challenges to integrate into the New Space era and realise the longstanding ambitions of its aerospace sector.