The Whorf Hypothesis, or linguistic relativity, is a controversial theory positing that structural features of different languages can exert perceptible influences on aspects of cognition and conceptual worldview. Decades of empirical research has challenged the theory’s more extreme speculations, but subsequent empirical and theoretical developments have yielded substantial support for its weaker form. Within this framework, cross-linguistic investigations have increasingly focused on suggestive differences between Chinese and Indo-European languages, whose typological and conceptual divergences provide fertile ground for examining the interface between language and thought. Research in this area has addressed domains such as grammatical structure, metaphor systems, counterfactual reasoning, abstract representation, and the processing of nominal and verbal categories. This chapter provides a general introduction to the topics covered in this collection of papers.