Ionospheric Irregularities, Space Weather Impact on GNSS, and Spacecraft Anomalies
摘要
This paper provides an overview of space weather impacts in near-earth space. The primary focus is on those impacts related to radio wave propagation in the ionosphere. The ionosphere introduces range delays that can be increased during space weather events due to the formation of large scale horizontal gradients in electron density. The ionosphere can also impact radio signal reception due to the formation of small-scale irregularities that induce variations in the phase and amplitude of the received signal, in what is termed scintillation. Severe scintillation can cause receivers to stop tracking the signal and radars to lose the ability to coherently integrate. Separately, increased electromagnetic radiation due to solar flares and solar radio bursts can induce sudden jumps in the TEC (solar flares) or an increase in the background noise (solar radio bursts) causing some receivers to loose lock. Other space weather impacts described include the effect of increased radiation, including spacecraft charging, leading to satellite anomalies. In summary, electromagnetic radiation in the form of solar radio bursts and solar flares, radiation storms involving high speed ions and electrons, and geomagnetic storms related to coronal mass ejections and high speed solar storms are the primary agents of space weather. A brief discussion is also provided on the increasing importance of providing better atmospheric drag prediction during space weather event due to the exponential growth in the number of satellites in orbit.