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With the increasing activity of the Sun due to the rising phase of solar cycle 25, there is a greater probability of extreme solar weather events accompanied by coronal mass ejections, geomagnetic storms, and modulation of cosmic rays. Cosmic ray flux measured with ground (and underground) muon detectors is sensitive to the energy of primary cosmic rays higher than neutron monitors and space-borne detectors, and they can complement the study of solar-terrestrial coupling. In this work, the variation of cosmic ray flux detected with ground-based detectors during recent extreme events was discussed. These various detectors have different median primary rigidities, which allow monitoring the impact of space weather on different energy ranges of primary cosmic rays. In addition, these data are compared with conditions measured in situ in interplanetary space around Earth in order to assess implications for solar-terrestrial coupling processes.

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Ground Level Muon Detectors Response to Extreme Space Weather Events During Solar Cycle 25

  • 会议论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Nikola Veselinović,
  • Mihailo Savić,
  • Aleksandar Dragić,
  • Dimitrije Maletić,
  • Dejan Joković,
  • Radomir Banjanac,
  • Miloš Travar,
  • Vladimir Udovičić

摘要

With the increasing activity of the Sun due to the rising phase of solar cycle 25, there is a greater probability of extreme solar weather events accompanied by coronal mass ejections, geomagnetic storms, and modulation of cosmic rays. Cosmic ray flux measured with ground (and underground) muon detectors is sensitive to the energy of primary cosmic rays higher than neutron monitors and space-borne detectors, and they can complement the study of solar-terrestrial coupling. In this work, the variation of cosmic ray flux detected with ground-based detectors during recent extreme events was discussed. These various detectors have different median primary rigidities, which allow monitoring the impact of space weather on different energy ranges of primary cosmic rays. In addition, these data are compared with conditions measured in situ in interplanetary space around Earth in order to assess implications for solar-terrestrial coupling processes.