This article is a study of the evolution of twentieth-century Persian prose fiction, analyzing its deep-rooted connection to ideologies and developments in Iranian society and politics. It also traces the emergence of nationalist, Marxist, and Islamist critiques as communicated through plays, short stories, and novels, all of which served as mediums for expressing societal concerns. Additionally, the essay charts historical shifts—from the dominance of poetic forms in pre-modern Iran to the rise of prose fiction in the early twentieth century, catalyzed by influences from European literature as well as domestic sociopolitical conditions. Despite certain censorship efforts during the Pahlavi dynasty, the Persian prose fiction of Iran continued to flourish, reaching an arguable golden age by the 1960s. This essay explores the interplay between nativism, globalization, and the politicization of literature, especially in the aftermath of the 1979 Islamic Revolution—highlighting how post-revolutionary prose fiction reflected the different ideologies: from oppositional perspectives in the diaspora to those supportive of Shi‘ism and the new status quo. The chapter shows that regardless of ideological differences before and after 1979, the prose fiction of twentieth-century Iran remained deeply anchored in the concept of literary commitment, and thereby served as a mirror to the sociopolitical landscapes of its times.