In recent years, with the advancement of urban renewal, research on building energy efficiency at the urban block scale has increasingly become a hot topic. Based on the current situation of old urban residential communities in Wuhan City, this paper deeply investigates the impact of community morphological layout on building energy consumption through GIS technology and digital simulation methods. A total of 183 old urban residential communities in the main administrative districts of Wuhan City were selected as samples, and a 3D urban model was constructed to perform energy consumption simulations using the Honeybee plugin. Twelve morphological indicators, including building floor area ratio, building density, average height of individual buildings, and weighted average height of building area, were analyzed to explore their correlations with building heating energy consumption, cooling energy consumption, and total energy consumption. Through Pearson correlation analysis and ridge regression prediction models, it was found that specific morphological indicators significantly impact building heating, cooling, and total energy consumption. Based on the research results, this paper proposes strategic suggestions for optimizing the morphological layout of old urban residential communities in Wuhan City, aiming to improve energy efficiency, reduce building energy consumption, and thereby promote sustainable urban development. This study not only provides scientific data support for urban designers but also offers an important reference for future renovation of old urban residential communities.