Climate change disrupts ecosystems, affecting human health and economies. Human activities exacerbate these impacts by depleting natural resources. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) draws attention to the notable rise in anthropogenic GHG emissions and their role in global warming. Degrading weather patterns and ecosystem disturbances, such as those observed during the COVID-19 pandemic, underscore climate change as a crucial public health challenge. Addressing climate change requires evidence-based global, national, and sub-national policies. Ranked seventh in climate change impact, India faces high social and economic costs from carbon emissions. This chapter explores India’s climate change challenges and response initiatives, with particular emphasis on heat, waterborne diseases, nutrition, climate change and conflict, and health systems, including climate-smart healthcare.