Cell culture technology is not only a fundamental research tool for elucidating the functions of cells, organs, and living organisms but also brings immeasurable benefits to our society. Cell culture is applied in a wide range of fields, such as evaluating the efficacy and toxicity of drugs, developing and manufacturing vaccines and biopharmaceuticals, and applying to gene therapy, assisted reproductive medicine, and regenerative medicine, and it is no exaggeration to say that it plays a major role in the biotechnology industry and medicine. In this chapter, we will look back on the history of cell culture, which is the premise for reading this book, and summarize the important elements of cell culture, the basic considerations for advancing research and development, and its range of applications and future potential and also present the problems that cell culture faces. We also hope to use this to understand the current state of cell culture technology applications in advanced life science research, which will be shown in Chap. 2 and onwards.