The global population is rising rapidly and is projected to hit 10 billion by 2050, requiring a 70% increase in food production compared to current levels. Human activities, primarily through the emission of greenhouse gases, have clearly led to global warming, with temperatures rising by 1.1°C above pre-industrial levels. Human induced increases in CO2 levels in the atmosphere occurred just over the past 30 years. Alterations in global climate are reflected in various ways like more frequent and extreme heatwaves, drought, very high precipitation, waterlogging, and associated changes in soil moisture impacting crop yields and food security globally. These severe weather conditions could influence the behavior of plant pathogens or insect pests or cause buildup of specific pathogen(s) or an insect pest leading to potential risks and varying degrees of crop yield losses. Extreme weather events can impact plant pathogens by expanding their geographic range, enhancing their overwintering survival, and increasing the number of generations they produce in case of insect pests, greater risk of invasion by aggressive crop pests and diseases, decline in pollinator populations and biocontrol agents. To tackle these challenges, it is essential to investigate the complex interactions between climate factors and the emergence, severity, and spatial distribution of plant diseases and insect pests in relation to shifts in the global temperature, CO2 levels, precipitation, and humidity exacerbate virulence of pathogen and alter disease dynamics. The present chapter reviews the subject briefly and additionally discusses the breeding innovations and biotechnological and molecular approaches currently available and utilized in various crop species to mitigate the climate change challenges.