Microplastics (MPs) are microscopic fragments that reach air, water, and soil. These particles formed from the breakdown of larger plastic objects, such as bottles, bags, and fishing nets, as well as from the discharge of synthetic materials like fibers from clothing and microbeads found in personal care products. From here, MPs migrate to the human body via inhalation and ingestion. However, research showed that the inhalation rate of MPs exceeds that of ingestion. Therefore, breathing in the microplastic-contaminated air may result in inflammation, oxidative stress, cellular damage, and apoptosis, which may lead to infections in the lungs such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, pneumoconiosis, and fibrosis. Further, the MPs can absorb and carry other harmful chemicals and pollutants, which could be released into the lungs. Thus, MP exposure worsens the existing respiratory condition. This overview presents in brief the sources of MP emission, negative effects on the respiratory system, the mechanism of underlying lung damage, and techniques for biomonitoring and assessment of MPs in the biological and environmental samples. Despite growing concerns about MP pollution, more research is necessary to better understand the processes of microplastic deposition, their distribution in lung tissue, and the long-term health risks.