Plasma physics is the branch of physics that studies the behaviour, properties, and governing principles of plasma, a state of matter distinct from solids, liquids, and gases, characterized by the presence of a significant number of free electrons and ions. It emerges when a gas is sufficiently ionized, meaning that a substantial fraction of its constituent atoms or molecules have been stripped of their electrons due to thermal energy, electromagnetic fields, or other ionizing mechanisms. This ionization endows plasma with unique properties, such as collective behaviour, long-range electromagnetic interactions, and the ability to sustain wave-like phenomena and instabilities. Unlike neutral gases, where interactions are typically governed by short-range collisions, plasmas are dominated by long-range Coulomb forces, resulting in complex and often nonlinear dynamics that require advanced mathematical and computational frameworks for their analysis.