As with the countries in this book, Indonesia has experienced a gradual fall in the contribution of agriculture in GDP as the other sectors increasingly became more prominent. Nevertheless, agricultural value added has continued to grow steadily. Following the end of colonial rule, the early governments in Indonesia began to focus on food in general and rice cultivation in particular. Although cash crops, such as tea and rubber, were important earlier, oil palm gained prominence especially in Islands outside Java from the 1990s. The mechanization, the deployment of high yielding seeds, fertilizer and pesticides in agriculture increased in significance from time it was introduced in the 1960s. A major expansion that has made Indonesia prominent is Indonesia’s rise to become the world’s largest lander of tuna fish since 2006. Although Indonesia still showed net imports of rice in 2023, its self-sufficiency rate exceeding 90% over the period 2018–2023 is still better than some other countries in Southeast Asia, such as Malaysia. However, as climate change issues and agricultural acreage fell as urbanization and industrialization became important, government promotion of climate resilience from the late 1990s and digitalization from 2014 began to expand strongly. The government focus on environmental, social and governance practices has especially risen strongly since the introduction of the United Nations sustainable development goals.