Food security has become a major national and global issue in recent years. According to the United Nations, nearly 9% of the global population shall face hunger, and an estimated 840 million will experience food insecurity by 2030. The relationship between agriculture, food security and poverty are profound. For many communities, especially in less developed countries and rural communities, agriculture is not just an economic sector, not just a means of income but it is a way of life. Agriculture remains the main source of livelihood for the majority of the population, making it a key player in the ongoing fight against poverty. In fact, food security and poverty are interrelated issues that impact the well-being and quality of life of individuals and communities around the world. This chapter tries to explore issues related to agriculture, food security and poverty especially in Malaysia. Although Malaysia has made significant progress in poverty alleviation since 1971, it has since 1990 faced food insecurity problems. Despite the implementation of various poverty reduction programmes and social safety nets to support the vulnerable communities, including promoting structural change into manufacturing and service to create job opportunities, and a more stable environment to enhance peoples’ well-being, it is still grappling with low wage and food insecurity problems. The momentum achieved in both absolute and relative poverty reduction in the 1970s needs revisiting to address the country’s main social problems. Its focus on climate smart agriculture targeted at raising productivity growth and building climate resilience in sync with the United Nations sustainable development goals (SDGs) is impressive but requires effective appraisal to ensure its success.