The textile industry has several production processes and distribution channels that have severe economic, social and environmental impacts. Conventional practices such as using toxic dyes, large quantities of water and synthetic fibres amongst others, have exacerbated the widespread harmful impacts. This has resulted in the industry being a major contributor to water consumption, environmental pollution and carbon footprints, hence ensuring textile sustainability is imperative. This introductory chapter delves into the foundation of textile sustainability, focusing on the core challenges in the industry influencing sustainable practices and opportunities to advance such measures. The chapter begins with key challenges of the textile industry, which has advanced in the implementation of textile sustainability. Highlighting these include the environmental impacts, consumption of resources, social and ethical challenges. Further discussion on the eco-friendly materials, processes, and circular economy opportunities for sustainability is presented. Integrating these strategies and practices, such as recycling, reuse and cleaner production technologies, offers significant transformative measures to limit pollution and waste that are toxic and harmful to the environment. The chapter uncovers the roles certifications, policy regulations, consumer behaviour and engagement play in effectively advancing sustainability in the textile industry. Key research directions for the future are discussed, serving as a significant material for consumers, manufacturers, researchers and policymakers in the field.