Nanotechnology is transforming cancer therapeutics by enhancing the precision and efficacy of RNA and DNA delivery. This chapter outlines the history and significance of innovative delivery systems in overcoming biological barriers, focusing on RNA interference (RNAi) and gene therapy to target cancer cells while minimizing off-target effects. It discusses various nanoparticle platforms, including liposomes, polymers, dendrimers, and viral vectors, along with engineering strategies like surface modifications and stimuli-responsive release mechanisms. Specific delivery methods for RNA, such as siRNA, miRNA, and mRNA, and DNA approaches like plasmid delivery for CRISPR/Cas9 and DNA vaccines are examined. The chapter emphasizes targeted delivery mechanisms, characterizes nanoparticles for optimization, and navigates clinical translation, addressing regulatory and safety concerns. Emerging trends include next-generation platforms, personalized nanomedicine, and the integration of AI and machine learning in precision oncology, providing a comprehensive guide to harnessing nanotechnology in revolutionizing cancer treatment.