Nanotechnology holds the potential to transform cancer treatment by embracing personalized medicine. It delves into the exceptional characteristics of nanoparticles, specifically highlighting their precision in targeting and delivering therapeutic agents directly to cancer cells. This targeted strategy offers significant advantages over conventional therapies by reducing damage to healthy tissues while potentially improving treatment efficacy. Various applications of nanotechnology in personalized cancer treatment are elucidated. Firstly, nanotechnology facilitates the development of drug delivery systems, where nanoparticles can be customized to transport specific drugs and release them exclusively at cancerous sites. This precise delivery mechanism not only enhances the potency of drugs but also reduces systemic toxicity. Secondly, the integration of therapeutic and diagnostic functions in theragnostic nanoparticles allows for real-time feedback on treatment effectiveness alongside drug administration. Additionally, nanoparticles show promise in boosting the body’s immune response against cancer by activating the immune system to recognize and eliminate cancerous cells. Despite these advancements, the chapter acknowledges the challenges in translating nanotechnology-based therapies from experimental settings to clinical practice. It discusses ongoing research efforts aimed at overcoming these obstacles, laying the groundwork for a future where personalized cancer treatment using nanotechnology becomes a tangible reality.