Blue carbon ecosystems, comprising mangroves, seagrasses, and salt marshes play an essential role in combating climate change through carbon sequestration. Blue carbon ecosystems absorb atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and store it in sediments, and they help mitigate climate change by preventing carbon release. A comprehensive review and understanding of major blue carbon ecosystems, such as mangroves, seagrasses, and salt marshes are crucial for policymaking and the development of mitigation strategies. Hence, this review aims to analyze research publications and reports on the blue carbon ecosystem along the Indian coast to provide valuable inputs for policy and mitigation efforts. Research data from various peer-reviewed journals and the Scopus database have been utilized for this review. The results show that the research along India’s coastline has demonstrated the significant carbon storage capacity of these ecosystems. However, blue carbon ecosystems face substantial threats from coastal erosion, climate change, natural disasters, and anthropogenic activities, emphasizing the need for immediate conservation and restoration efforts. To protect these ecosystems, a multi-faceted approach is necessary, involving: raising awareness among local communities and stakeholders; encouraging their active participation; providing economic incentives; and developing and enforcing policies. Ongoing research is crucial to enhance our knowledge of the function of blue carbon ecosystems, and assess the impact of emerging pollutants including plastic litter.