Political Communications in India: From Independence to the Age of Instagram

The chapter “Political Communication in India: From Independence to the Age of Instagram” by Dr Navneet Anand explores the evolution of political communication in India, tracing its trajectory from the pre-Independence era to the modern age of social media. It examines how political communication has played a defining role in shaping democratic processes and public discourse in the country, adapting to technological advancements and sociopolitical changes. The chapter highlights five distinct phases: the Freedom Struggle (1900–1947), marked by print journalism and grassroots mobilization; the Nation-Building Period (1947–1970), focused on fostering unity through mass media; the Era of Political Consolidation and Turmoil (1970–1990), characterized by state-controlled media and the rise of populist rhetoric; the 1990s, which saw the liberalization of media and the emergence of coalition politics; and the contemporary age, defined by digital platforms and polarized narratives. Key theoretical perspectives, such as agenda-setting, framing, and information-seeking theories, are discussed to understand the interplay between media, political messaging, and audience behavior. The chapter also delves into traditional and modern tools of political communication, including speeches, print media, television, social media, and data-driven strategies, illustrating their evolving roles in influencing public opinion. While digital media democratizes information and enhances direct engagement, challenges like misinformation, polarization, and data privacy persist. The chapter underlines the need for regulatory frameworks and media literacy to address these issues. It concludes by emphasizing the transformative potential of political communication in shaping democratic outcomes and fostering an informed electorate in India’s diverse and dynamic sociopolitical landscape.