The Pipunculidae (Insecta: Diptera), or big-headed flies, constitute a distinctive family of Diptera characterized by their disproportionately large, hemispherical head, dominated by compound eyes, and their specialized parasitic life cycle. Despite their unique morphology, ecological significance, and global occurrence, pipunculids remain poorly studied in India, with diversity assessments hindered by sparse collections and the difficulty of identifying females. This chapter reviews the diversity of Indian Pipunculidae, with an updated checklist of Indian species based on published literature. Emphasis is placed on their endoparasitism of leafhoppers (Auchenorrhyncha), potential role in biological control, and the need for integrated taxonomic, molecular, and ecological studies.