The persistence of microplastics (MPs) in all components of the environment has become a significant global concern. MP contamination has led to the toxicity and bioaccumulation of MPs in living organisms, including humans, and has been proven in various scientific research works. To mitigate the spread of MPs in the environment, governments and policymakers need to be aware of these issues to implement appropriate measures that contribute to environmental and public health protection. Intending to shed light on microplastic pollution in the environment, the current research study focused on the estimation of MPs and associated types of polymers in sediments along the Saurashtra (Gujarat) coastline and assessed the ecological risk posed by these microplastics. The findings revealed an average of 6700 MPs/kg in the sediments, including 2500 fibers/kg, 3000 fragments/kg, 1000 films/kg, and 200 beads/kg. MPs are found in various colors, such as black, white, blue, red, and brown, with fiber shapes and smaller sizes (0.3–1.0 mm) as major ones. Polyethylene (PE) emerged as the predominant polymer. Moreover, the study identified a significant ecological risk due to a considerable abundance of MPs and the diversity in MP polymers. This study provides essential baseline data for pollution monitoring and for the development of strategies to mitigate MP impacts on marine ecosystems along the Saurashtra coastline.