This chapter comprehensively discusses wind power generation, tracing its evolution from historical windmills to modern large-scale wind farms, and analyzing its technical principles, resource distribution, and global development. It details the operational mechanisms of horizontal-axis (HAWTs) and vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWTs), comparing their efficiencies, costs, and environmental impacts, such as HAWTs’ high efficiency but noise issues versus VAWTs’ low-start wind speed capability and compact maintenance. The spatio-temporal distribution of wind resources is analyzed, highlighting China’s coastal and northwestern regions with seasonal (autumn/winter dominance) and diurnal variations, supported by data on China’s 441 GW cumulative wind capacity in 2023 (global leading position). Key challenges are addressed: ecological impacts (avian collisions, landscape alteration), technical bottlenecks (gearbox wear, material durability), and policy issues (unstable subsidies, grid integration complexities). Innovations like direct-drive technology, smart MPPT control systems, and offshore wind platforms are introduced as solutions to enhance efficiency and reduce environmental risks. Economic benefits are quantified, including 320 TWh annual power generation and carbon emission reductions (0.8 tons CO2/MWh). Case studies of China’s major wind farms (Dabancheng, Huitengxile, Jiuquan, Nagqu) illustrate regional adaptation strategies, such as high-altitude turbine designs and hybrid energy systems. Future projections emphasize China’s offshore wind expansion (targeting 50 GW by 2030) and digitalized operations, underscoring wind power’s role in global energy transition through balanced innovation and sustainability.