Heavy metal contamination in food is a serious health concern due to the toxic nature of metals such as lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), and arsenic (As) and their tendency to accumulate in the human body over time. Meanwhile, nanobiosensors, known for their high sensitivity, selectivity, and fast response, offer an advanced solution for the detection of small levels of these contaminants in food. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the latest developments in nanobiosensor technology for the detection of heavy metals in various food matrices. It begins by examining the sources and health effects of heavy metal contamination in the food supply chain. Then, the principles and mechanisms underlying nanobiosensors are reviewed, emphasizing their advantages over conventional detection methods. This chapter highlights key advances in the functionalization of nanomaterials that enhance the sensitivity and selectivity of these sensors. Practical applications are demonstrated through case studies of heavy metal detection in real food samples. Finally, this chapter addresses current challenges and future perspectives, including regulatory considerations and the integration of nanobiosensors into food safety monitoring systems.