Food production and distribution have expanded globally led to food safety as a top concern. Conventional approaches to detect contamination are frequently labor-intensive, time-consuming, and necessitate complex laboratory conditions. Nanobiosensors are a combination of biological and nanoscale materials used to detect various chemical residues associated with diseases, poisons, and pesticides with high sensitivity and specificity. It then discusses how different nanomaterials such as metal and metal oxide-based nanoparticles, nanowires, nanorods, carbon nanotubes, quantum dots, and dendrimers improve signals for detection capabilities and facilitate real-time monitoring. The effectiveness of key detection techniques, including electrochemical, optical, and piezoelectric sensing in various applications, is examined. The chapter places a strong emphasis on useful design factors for creating portable, reliable nanobiosensors that may be used in both lab and field environments. Future alternatives for producing low-cost, readily available nanobiosensors that ensure public health and trust among consumers in food systems are discussed, as well as challenges such as scalability and regulatory barriers.