Recently, new technology-based scintillators are finding applications in many research areas, including nuclear security, radiographic imaging, tomography, low Earth orbit missions, neutrino-based, dark matter-based astroparticle physics experiments, quantum experiments and many more. The scintillators have played an important role in the present-day science and technology. Although plastic scintillator has low density, they can be changed in shape, size, giving rise to characteristic properties needed. The inorganic scintillators have better scintillation efficiency and resolutions, thus used in gamma ray spectrum analysis. Based on their merits for a given aim of the experiment, the scintillators are being designed with a challenge to modify their properties with aid of nanotechnology, quantum dots and structure engineering. This research paper undertakes to study these technological advancements in the field of scintillation detectors. General Anti-Particle Spectrometer (GAPS) is a balloon-based low energy cosmic anti-nuclei experiment which will undertake a minimum of three flights from Antarctica to study dark matter annihilation or decay (Marcelli in EPJ Web of Conferences, 280:07,002, 2023). This flight experiment has a tracker surrounded with plastic scintillators to observe the exotic atom decaying to characteristic X-rays which can identify the antiprotons, antideuterons and antihelium nuclei. The efficient collection of scintillation light is a preferred technique to study neutrino interactions in experiments such as DUNE ( www.dunescience.org ) and dark matter direct search experiments as ASTAROTH (The ASTAROTH project, https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.02721v1 ). The ground-based scintillation detector arrays such as HEllenic LYceum Cosmic Observatories Network (HELYCON) (Avgitas in EPJ Web of Conferences, 182:02,072, 2018) in Greece study the extensive air showers originating from primary particles with energies greater than 10 TeV. Another telescope looking toward the cosmic ray sources and energy spectrum is GRAPES-3 (Gamma Ray Astronomy at PeV Energies Phase-3) (grapes-3.tifr.res.in) in Ooty, India, with 700 plastic scintillation detectors. The scintillator-based mini arrays of University of Catania, Italy, The Bose Institute, Darjeeling, India, Alborz-I array in Tehran, Iran, and Dayalbagh Educational Air Shower Array (DEASA) in Agra are studying different aspects of astrophysics. The reconfigurable mini array at Catania can study inclined showers, different array geometries at different altitudes including multiplicity distributions of particle densities over the detection area (Riggi F A reconfigurable scintillator-based small array facility for cosmic ray studies. In: Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1561(2020)012,020). Seven plastic scintillation detectors at Bose Institute, Darjeeling (Ghosh KS The Darjeeling facility: cosmic rays and atmospheric sciences. In: Proceedings-of-the-Indian-National-Science-Academy, 80, (2018)) are measuring the small and large showers based on threefold to sevenfold coincidence rates. Alborz-I (Soheila Abdollahi et al. Alborz-I array: a simulation on performance and properties of the array around the knee of the cosmic ray spectrum, Astroparticle Physics, vol 76, Pages 1–8, Mar 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2015.11.004 ) began with a pentagon shaped mini plastic array that studies the angular distribution of the measured showers. DEASA is a mini array of eight plastic detectors studying the atmospheric temperature and pressure dependence of showers at Agra (Energy deposition of hard, soft, and nucleonic component of extensive air shower using DEASA array, Sonali Bhatnagar, accepted in Computer Applications: An International Journal, Ma 2023.). At present, the quantum computing experiments are facing a challenge which is being tackled by the scintillation detectors. Recently as proposed (Bertoldo E et al Cosmic muon flux attenuation methods for superconducting qubit experiments, arXiv: 2303.04938v1.), two different methods are being studied to reduce the cosmic flux which is a sensitive fluctuation in the environment for the qubits.

错误:搜索内容不能为空,请输入英文关键词
错误:关键词超出字数限制,请精简
高级检索

Polystyrene-Based Scintillation Detectors Throw Light on Dark Matter, Astrophysics, and Quantum Technologies

  • Sonali Bhatnagar

摘要

Recently, new technology-based scintillators are finding applications in many research areas, including nuclear security, radiographic imaging, tomography, low Earth orbit missions, neutrino-based, dark matter-based astroparticle physics experiments, quantum experiments and many more. The scintillators have played an important role in the present-day science and technology. Although plastic scintillator has low density, they can be changed in shape, size, giving rise to characteristic properties needed. The inorganic scintillators have better scintillation efficiency and resolutions, thus used in gamma ray spectrum analysis. Based on their merits for a given aim of the experiment, the scintillators are being designed with a challenge to modify their properties with aid of nanotechnology, quantum dots and structure engineering. This research paper undertakes to study these technological advancements in the field of scintillation detectors. General Anti-Particle Spectrometer (GAPS) is a balloon-based low energy cosmic anti-nuclei experiment which will undertake a minimum of three flights from Antarctica to study dark matter annihilation or decay (Marcelli in EPJ Web of Conferences, 280:07,002, 2023). This flight experiment has a tracker surrounded with plastic scintillators to observe the exotic atom decaying to characteristic X-rays which can identify the antiprotons, antideuterons and antihelium nuclei. The efficient collection of scintillation light is a preferred technique to study neutrino interactions in experiments such as DUNE ( www.dunescience.org ) and dark matter direct search experiments as ASTAROTH (The ASTAROTH project, https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.02721v1 ). The ground-based scintillation detector arrays such as HEllenic LYceum Cosmic Observatories Network (HELYCON) (Avgitas in EPJ Web of Conferences, 182:02,072, 2018) in Greece study the extensive air showers originating from primary particles with energies greater than 10 TeV. Another telescope looking toward the cosmic ray sources and energy spectrum is GRAPES-3 (Gamma Ray Astronomy at PeV Energies Phase-3) (grapes-3.tifr.res.in) in Ooty, India, with 700 plastic scintillation detectors. The scintillator-based mini arrays of University of Catania, Italy, The Bose Institute, Darjeeling, India, Alborz-I array in Tehran, Iran, and Dayalbagh Educational Air Shower Array (DEASA) in Agra are studying different aspects of astrophysics. The reconfigurable mini array at Catania can study inclined showers, different array geometries at different altitudes including multiplicity distributions of particle densities over the detection area (Riggi F A reconfigurable scintillator-based small array facility for cosmic ray studies. In: Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1561(2020)012,020). Seven plastic scintillation detectors at Bose Institute, Darjeeling (Ghosh KS The Darjeeling facility: cosmic rays and atmospheric sciences. In: Proceedings-of-the-Indian-National-Science-Academy, 80, (2018)) are measuring the small and large showers based on threefold to sevenfold coincidence rates. Alborz-I (Soheila Abdollahi et al. Alborz-I array: a simulation on performance and properties of the array around the knee of the cosmic ray spectrum, Astroparticle Physics, vol 76, Pages 1–8, Mar 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2015.11.004 ) began with a pentagon shaped mini plastic array that studies the angular distribution of the measured showers. DEASA is a mini array of eight plastic detectors studying the atmospheric temperature and pressure dependence of showers at Agra (Energy deposition of hard, soft, and nucleonic component of extensive air shower using DEASA array, Sonali Bhatnagar, accepted in Computer Applications: An International Journal, Ma 2023.). At present, the quantum computing experiments are facing a challenge which is being tackled by the scintillation detectors. Recently as proposed (Bertoldo E et al Cosmic muon flux attenuation methods for superconducting qubit experiments, arXiv: 2303.04938v1.), two different methods are being studied to reduce the cosmic flux which is a sensitive fluctuation in the environment for the qubits.