Biodegradable plastics, such as polylactic acid (PLA), offer a promising alternative to conventional petroleum-based plastics that harm the environment. PLA is widely available, decomposes safely, and matches conventional plastics in properties such as mechanical strength and biocompatibility. It is commonly used in agriculture, automotive, textiles, and packaging industries. The global PLA market is growing and is expected to expand further. PLA bioplastics are an excellent eco-friendly substitute for traditional plastics, providing both environmental protection and economic benefits. This book chapter covers the role of biodegradable PLA polymer in the current market and literature, its characteristic features, synthesis methods, and degradation. It also discusses PLA-based composites, potential applications in medical textiles, and future perspectives.