Railways consume less energy and emit less carbon dioxide than other modes of transportation. The railcar's weight, which significantly impacts energy consumption, has been reduced by changing the body material from steel to aluminum. At the same time, the structure of the railcar was changed, and other parts of the railcar have been made lighter. A major environmental problem in Japan is noise along the railway lines. Noise measurement tests were conducted at the viaduct section of the Tohoku Shinkansen for two years before its opening. Various countermeasures were studied based on the results of sound source surveys. It also contributes some rarely visible information on the noise reduction. Many measures, including those to prevent wind noise from pantographs, which is difficult to reduce with soundproof walls, have reduced the noise level from 89 dB in the first-generation Series 0 to 74.5 dB in the Series 700 despite the increased speed. This chapter also discusses countermeasures to the problem of micro-pressure waves generated when trains enter tunnels, which rapidly expand at the exit and cause vibrations in private homes. Then, what was the countermeasure?