Smart Roads and Sustainable Cities: Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting with IoT Integration

This study reviews the integration of piezoelectric materials into road infrastructure for sustainable energy harvesting and advanced monitoring systems. The electrical performance of KNN, PMN-PT, and PZT is inspected under simulated vehicle loading scenarios. Among the materials studied, PMN-PT shows the maximum energy conversion capacity, while KNN displayed relatively low output with the advantage of optimized environmental safety. The generated electrical signals are assessed not only as a source of area-specific energy but also as real-time sensing input data for traffic and load monitoring. An IoT-based framework is suggested to enable remote data acquisition, storage, and analysis of voltage output and vehicle events that enable continuous data tracking of road usage patterns. Such systems can assist smart city applications, consisting of traffic flow analysis, infrastructure health investigation, and low-power community services.