Assessing the Resilience of Power Grids with DER Integration Under Critical Node Failures

Existing IEEE bus systems, largely developed for North American and European grids, emphasize transmission-level power flow and stability analysis, and thus do not fully capture the hierarchical characteristics of Taiwan’s distribution networks, including primary substations, secondary substations, and load nodes. To address this, this study modifies the IEEE 39-bus system into a layered model aligned with Taiwan’s structure, explicitly distinguishing nodes at different levels. The model simulatesmultiple inter-layer line disconnections to reproduce distribution outages and observe resulting topological changes. DER-enabled loads are incorporated to support disconnected nodes, partially restoring supply and enabling analysis of node-level voltage and power flow variations. This model represents outage scenarios and potential restoration behaviors in Taiwan’s distribution networks under multiple failures, providing a basis for resilience planning and future research on restoration strategies.