Low-Carbon Smart Dispatch of Electricity-Computility Integration Systems: Coordinated Operation of Pumped Storage and Data Centers

The rapid growth of artificial intelligence and large-scale computing has led to a surge in data center energy consumption and associated carbon emissions. To address these challenges, this study proposes an integrated electricity–computility dispatch framework that couples pumped storage, renewable generation, and data center cooling through cold energy storage and carbon-aware optimization. The model minimizes total operational and carbon-trading costs while ensuring power balance and system flexibility. A 24-h case study demonstrates that the proposed joint scheduling effectively reduces system operating cost to 1002.49 CNY. Results confirm that the coordinated operation of electrical and cooling subsystems enhances renewable utilization, flattens load profiles, and internalizes environmental costs through carbon pricing. The proposed framework provides a scalable pathway toward low-carbon and energy-efficient operation of future large-scale computing infrastructures.