Next-Generation Sequencing Techniques

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology has revolutionized the way we study genomes by enabling accurate, quick, and cost-effective decoding of RNA and DNA. The objective of genomics research is to map and characterize an organism’s genetic composition and how it determines the specific trait or phenotype. Unlike traditional techniques, NGS can examine millions of fragments simultaneously, providing comprehensive insights into gene activity, genetic variation, and epigenetic regulation. In the agriculture sector, this technology has opened new avenues for crop development and livestock improvement by providing breeders with accurate information on traits linked to resilience, yield, and disease resistance. Moreover, long-read platforms have advanced our ability to analyze complex, large genomes that were previously difficult to diagnose. This chapter summarizes trends and recent advances in NGS technology, sequencing platforms, and their applications in agriculture, highlighting how NGS has driven innovation across diverse genomic research areas, including molecular breeding, crop improvement, and sustainable food production.