Endoscopic Treatment: EMR and ESD

Superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) with negligible risk of lymph node metastasis can be curatively treated by endoscopic local resection. Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) is a conventional technique that enables the removal of relatively small lesions using a snare. In contrast, endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) facilitates en bloc resection of superficial lesions regardless of size or the presence of submucosal fibrosis, thereby expanding the indications for endoscopic resection (ER). Although ESD requires advanced endoscopic skills and a thorough understanding of potential complications, it remains a promising and minimally invasive treatment option.