Applications of Biosynthesized Carbon Nanomaterials in Agricultural Pesticide Synthesis and Crop Spoilage Sensing

The rising need for efficient agricultural practices has driven significant interest in nanotechnology, especially in utilizing biosynthesized carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) due to their eco-friendly, cost-effective, and scalable production. Carbon-based nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide, and carbon dots, when synthesized through biological routes using plant extracts and bacteria, they exhibit unique surface functionalities, high reactivity, and biocompatibility. These properties can be harnessed to catalyze the synthesis of bio-based pesticides, enhance the stability and efficacy of conventional pesticides, and offer targeted delivery mechanisms through nano-formulation. The integration of CNMs in pesticide design reduces environmental toxicity and promotes controlled release, minimizing residue accumulation. In addition, CNMs have demonstrated outstanding potential in the development of sensitive and rapid detection platforms for crop spoilage. This chapter highlights the design of nano biosensors based on carbon nanomaterials, including electrochemical sensors and fluorescence-based platforms, capable of detecting crop deterioration both pre- and postharvest. By offering insights into the synergistic integration of biosynthesized carbon nanomaterials in agrochemical synthesis and spoilage sensing, it also outlines a roadmap for future research and commercial translation, contributing to sustainable agriculture and food security.