Learning in Different Ways: Virtual Reality vs. Traditional

This study examines traditional video-based instruction compared to innovative VR-based training in developing technical skills for HVAC filter replacement. The research addresses educational challenges in regions with skilled professional shortages, particularly in Africa, aligning with emerging technology solutions. Conducted at a Finnish higher education institution, 74 participants were divided into two groups: video-based instruction (N = 37) and VR simulation training (N = 37). Both methods were assessed through knowledge tests and learner experience questionnaires, using mixed-methods analysis. The results demonstrate VR participants achieved significantly higher immediate knowledge scores (d = 0.78) and satisfaction ratings (d = 1.01) compared to video instruction. Qualitative analysis revealed VR’s advantages in providing authentic, embodied learning experiences. Notably, VR training showed an “equalising effect”, producing more uniform learning outcomes across diverse learners, while video instruction resulted in bimodal performance distribution. VR-based training offers unique advantages by providing immersive, hands-on learning opportunities, particularly where access to physical equipment is limited. The study highlights VR’s potential to bridge educational gaps through scalable, technology-driven solutions. The results contribute to enhancing technical education and demonstrate VR’s transformative potential for skill development and educational equity in the context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution.