Multifunctional Graphene Field-Effect Transistors: Engineering Solutions for Next-Generation Solar Energy Systems

Graphene-Based Field-Effect Transistors (GFETs) are a significant step forward in the development of photovoltaic (PV) systems. This work presents a thorough look at recent innovations that involve integrating GFETs into solar energy platforms. Thanks to the excellent electrical conductivity, mechanical strength, and optical transparency of graphene, GFETs have been effectively used as flexible electrodes, high-mobility charge transport pathways, and adaptable functional components in various solar cell designs. Significant progress has been made in embedding GFETs into key semiconductor junctions, such as Schottky and perovskite interfaces. This has led to noticeable improvements in device efficiency, operational stability, and photon absorption abilities. The study also explores the use of advanced materials, including different metal oxides and high-κ dielectric layers, to improve transistor performance and the overall system function. Moreover, the use of GFETs extends beyond traditional PV applications. They show great promise in next-generation areas such as flexible electronics, wearable solar devices, and biologically inspired systems featuring integrated light sensitivity and thermal regulation. Key technological milestones and current research challenges are discussed, offering insights into the significant impact of GFETs on future solar energy technologies.