Reproductive Life Cycle and Depression in Women

Depression is one of the most common psychiatric disorders among women worldwide, with vulnerability becoming especially pronounced during reproductive transitions. Puberty, the menstrual cycle, perinatal period, and the menopausal transition are all marked by rapid hormonal changes that increase the risk of mood disorders. This chapter examines the association between the reproductive life cycle and depression in women, summarizing pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and up-to-date treatment evidence with a focus on perinatal depression, premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), and menopausal depression. Pharmacological management is generally built around SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) and SNRIs (serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors), while hormonal therapy, neurosteroid-based agents, and new non-hormonal agents (e.g., fezolinetant) may be considered adjunctively depending on the situation. Non-pharmacological approaches such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy, regular exercise, and lifestyle management also play a crucial role. Understanding the interaction between the female reproductive life cycle and mental health is not just an academic matter—it provides practical insights for clinical decision-making and preventive strategies.