Recent Advances in Management of Acute Myeloid Leukaemia

Recent advances in AML have introduced targeted therapies and immunotherapies that significantly enhance disease management. Among targeted agents, Revumenib, a menin inhibitor, shows efficacy in KMT2A-rearranged and NPM1-mutated AML. Ivosidenib and olutasidenib target mutated IDH1, restoring differentiation pathways, while venetoclax, a BCL-2 inhibitor, improves survival when combined with hypomethylating agents. FLT3 inhibitors such as gilteritinib and quizartinib have reshaped treatment for FLT3-mutated AML. Tamibarotene, a synthetic retinoid, is effective in acute promyelocytic leukaemia. Immunotherapies have emerged as complementary approaches. Peptide and dendritic cell vaccines targeting leukaemia-associated antigens like WT1 and PRAME show promise in inducing antigen-specific T-cell responses and preventing relapse. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (e.g., nivolumab, sabatolimab) are being evaluated in combination with standard therapies. Anti-CD47 antibody magrolimab enhances macrophage-mediated phagocytosis, and antibody-drug conjugates like pivekimab sunirine demonstrate potent activity in high-risk patients. Radioimmunoconjugates and CAR T-cell therapies represent innovative strategies under investigation, despite challenges with toxicity and antigen specificity. These advancements signal a shift towards precision medicine in AML, with ongoing clinical trials aiming to optimize therapy combinations, improve patient selection, and extend survival in this aggressive disease.