Evolving Recent Paradigm in Chemoprevention of Kidney Cancer

Kidney cancer is a global challenge, accounting for 2–3% of all adult malignancies, with renal cell carcinoma being the predominant histological variant. Chemoprevention, defined as the use of natural or synthetic medicines to inhibit, postpone, or reverse carcinogenesis, is a promising strategy in oncology. This concept is especially relevant to RCC, which typically manifests asymptomatically in its first stages but has a dismal prognosis upon spreading. Over the last 10 years, the approach to chemoprevention of kidney cancer has evolved from basic dietary recommendations to the intricate repurposing of pharmaceuticals. The chapter examines the molecular basis of kidney carcinogenesis, evaluates several natural and synthetic medicines in clinical trials, highlights innovative nanotechnology and epigenetic approaches, and critically addresses the obstacles and future prospects.