Motility Disorders of the Esophagus and Achalasia Cardia

Achalasia cardia is the most common esophageal motility disorder affecting adults of all age groups, with no gender predilection. Primarily involving the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), it is characterized by increased LES pressure that fails to relax, along with a secondary loss of peristalsis in the esophageal body. Esophageal manometry is essential for diagnosis and to guide management. Laparoscopic Heller’s cardiomyotomy and peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) are currently the most accepted forms of treatment.