A Review of Fine-Grained Modeling and Optimization for Electricity-Hydrogen System

Electricity-hydrogen coupling systems serve as a critical bridge coordinating high-penetration renewable energy sources and end-use energy consumption, representing a core pathway towards deep decarbonization and high-efficiency utilization of energy. This paper systematically reviews the research progress in the fine-grained modeling and optimization of electricity-hydrogen coupling systems. Firstly, starting from modeling methodologies, it surveys dynamic electrolyzer models based on equivalent circuits, and multi-physics coupling approaches. Subsequently, focusing on key equipment, it provides an in-depth analysis of the polarization characteristics of Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) electrolyzers, the bidirectional conversion mechanisms of fuel cells, and the energy flow conversion models of hydrogen storage systems. At the system coupling level, strategies for constructing electricity-hydrogen-thermal multi-energy flow coupling, dynamic balancing in hydrogen transport networks, and power-to-gas flow rate coupling equations are discussed. For specific operating conditions, modeling challenges and correction methods for equipment start-up/ramping, reliability under varying conditions, and low-temperature environments are analyzed. This paper further distills the core challenges in current research, including multi-time scale coordination, contradictions between parameter identification and model simplification, cross-disciplinary model validation, and the lack of a standard framework. Finally, it outlines future research directions such as adaptive frequency regulation, low-carbon optimal scheduling, and reliability enhancement, aiming to provide a theoretical foundation and methodological support for building efficient, stable, and economical electricity-hydrogen coupling systems.