Artificial Intelligence and the Internet of Things in the Transformation of Urban Planning Paradigms

This chapter traces the evolution of urban planning from traditional, expert-driven models to adaptive, data-driven, and intelligent systems shaped by digital transformation. It explores how the convergence of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT) has revolutionized planning theory and practice, shifting it from static design toward continuous sensing, prediction, and feedback. The discussion contextualizes this transformation through four major paradigms: Modernist, Participatory, Knowledge-Based, and Smart Adaptive Planning, highlighting how each contributed to the emergence of dynamic, data-informed frameworks. It then introduces conceptual models such as data-driven urbanism, urban intelligence, and cyber-physical urban systems, culminating in the integrated AI–IoT planning cycle, which unites data analytics, collective intelligence, and adaptive governance. Finally, the chapter underscores that AI–IoT integration represents not merely a technological innovation but a cognitive and ethical shift, calling for reflexive, inclusive, and sustainable planning approaches that align human values with technological intelligence.