Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) productivity is increasingly threatened by climate change-induced drought and heat stress, which frequently co-occur and severely disrupt physiological, biochemical, and reproductive processes, especially during anthesis and grain filling. These stresses diminish photosynthetic capacity, destabilize cellular membranes and enzymes, accelerate senescence, and cause oxidative damage, resulting in significant yield and quality losses. Wheat plants employ complex adaptive mechanisms, including abscisic acid-mediated signaling, activation of heat shock transcription factors and proteins, osmotic adjustment, and enhanced antioxidant defense systems. However, the differing physiological requirements for drought and heat tolerance complicate the development of cultivars with combined stress resilience. Recent advances in genomics, quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and multi-omics approaches have identified key genomic regions and candidate genes linked to traits such as the stay-green phenotype, canopy temperature depression, and stress-resilient root architecture. The integration of marker-assisted and genomic selection, introgression of beneficial alleles from wild relatives, and the use of high-throughput phenotyping and predictive breeding tools are accelerating the development of climate-resilient wheat cultivars. These strategies offer promising avenues to sustain wheat productivity under increasingly variable and extreme environmental conditions. This chapter reviews historical and recent advances aimed at improving heat and drought tolerance in wheat.