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Pharmaceutical waste from contaminants such as caffeine (CAF), mefenamic acid (MFA), and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) poses significant risks to aquatic ecosystems and public health in the Philippines due to incomplete removal by conventional treatment systems. Adsorption using biomass waste offers a cost-effective remediation strategy, yet the efficacy of raw biochar remains limited for complex multicomponent mixtures. This study investigated the synthesis and application of biochar derived from γ-cyclodextrin-treated Madre de Cacao sawdust (γ-CMSB). The adsorbent was synthesized via torrefaction and chemical crosslinking, with its physicochemical properties characterized using SEM-EDX, FTIR, and BET analysis. Batch adsorption experiments demonstrated that γ-CMSB achieved optimal removal efficiencies at pH 7–12, an adsorbent dosage of 1.5 g/L, and a contact time of 60–90 min, with sulfamethoxazole exhibiting the highest removal efficiency of 70.23%. Isotherm analysis revealed that caffeine adsorption followed the Dubinin–Radushkevich and Temkin models (R2 = 0.998), sulfamethoxazole followed the Sips model (R2 = 1.0), while mefenamic acid was best described by the Redlich–Peterson model (R2 = 0.942). These results establish γ-CMSB as a high-performance, eco-friendly alternative for the simultaneous removal of persistent pharmaceutical contaminants, offering a sustainable solution for advanced wastewater management in aquatic environments.

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Removal of Multicomponent Pharmaceutical Contaminants in Aqueous Systems Using γ-Cyclodextrin Modified Sawdust-Derived Biochar (γ-CMSB)

  • 会议论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Marielle Christel B. Miron,
  • Alexandra A. Montejo,
  • Jonah Mae S. Saringan,
  • Michael John M. Taguinod,
  • Fionaliz Claire M. Ugot,
  • Jerry G. Olay,
  • Rugi Vicente C. Rubi,
  • Rich Jhon Paul D. Latiza

摘要

Pharmaceutical waste from contaminants such as caffeine (CAF), mefenamic acid (MFA), and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) poses significant risks to aquatic ecosystems and public health in the Philippines due to incomplete removal by conventional treatment systems. Adsorption using biomass waste offers a cost-effective remediation strategy, yet the efficacy of raw biochar remains limited for complex multicomponent mixtures. This study investigated the synthesis and application of biochar derived from γ-cyclodextrin-treated Madre de Cacao sawdust (γ-CMSB). The adsorbent was synthesized via torrefaction and chemical crosslinking, with its physicochemical properties characterized using SEM-EDX, FTIR, and BET analysis. Batch adsorption experiments demonstrated that γ-CMSB achieved optimal removal efficiencies at pH 7–12, an adsorbent dosage of 1.5 g/L, and a contact time of 60–90 min, with sulfamethoxazole exhibiting the highest removal efficiency of 70.23%. Isotherm analysis revealed that caffeine adsorption followed the Dubinin–Radushkevich and Temkin models (R2 = 0.998), sulfamethoxazole followed the Sips model (R2 = 1.0), while mefenamic acid was best described by the Redlich–Peterson model (R2 = 0.942). These results establish γ-CMSB as a high-performance, eco-friendly alternative for the simultaneous removal of persistent pharmaceutical contaminants, offering a sustainable solution for advanced wastewater management in aquatic environments.