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The growing demand for sustainable energy sources necessitates the development of efficient heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production, owing to their stability, recyclability, and high catalytic activity in transesterification. In this study, a zinc–lanthanum mixed oxide catalyst (CaO-ZnO/La₂O₂CO₃) was synthesized via in-situ precipitation using waste gypsum as a CaO precursor, followed by calcination at 550 °C for 6 h. Structural and morphological characterizations were performed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). SEM revealed agglomerated, irregular spherical morphologies with particle sizes around 10 μm, displaying a hierarchical structure with nanoscale surface features that enhanced surface roughness and catalytic site availability, while nano-rod-like structures indicated favorable catalytic properties. FTIR confirmed the successful formation of CaO/ZnO bimetallic oxides with La₂O₂CO₃, and XRD verified the crystalline nature of the catalyst, with a distinct La₂O₂CO₃ peak observed at 15.9133°. Elemental mapping further demonstrated homogeneous distribution of the active components within the catalyst matrix. Transesterification experiments using soybean oil at varying methanol-to-oil ratios (3:1, 6:1, 9:1, 12:1) and catalyst loadings (1–5 wt%) revealed that biodiesel yield was strongly influenced by these parameters, with the 6:1 ratio producing the highest biodiesel yield (85%) despite minimal variation across ratios. The utilization of waste gypsum as a CaO source highlights the environmental and economic advantages of this approach, underscoring the potential of CaO-ZnO/La₂O₂CO₃ as an effective, sustainable heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production.

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Synthesis of CaO-ZnO/La2O2CO3 Heterogeneous Catalyst from Waste Gypsum as Source of CaO for Biodiesel Production

  • 会议论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Allysa G. Baldicano,
  • Jaquielyn S. Gaco,
  • Melissa G. Relucio,
  • Cyrene Mae M. Sipat,
  • Carlou Eguico,
  • Rich Jhon Paul Latiza,
  • Rugi Vicente C. Rubi

摘要

The growing demand for sustainable energy sources necessitates the development of efficient heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production, owing to their stability, recyclability, and high catalytic activity in transesterification. In this study, a zinc–lanthanum mixed oxide catalyst (CaO-ZnO/La₂O₂CO₃) was synthesized via in-situ precipitation using waste gypsum as a CaO precursor, followed by calcination at 550 °C for 6 h. Structural and morphological characterizations were performed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). SEM revealed agglomerated, irregular spherical morphologies with particle sizes around 10 μm, displaying a hierarchical structure with nanoscale surface features that enhanced surface roughness and catalytic site availability, while nano-rod-like structures indicated favorable catalytic properties. FTIR confirmed the successful formation of CaO/ZnO bimetallic oxides with La₂O₂CO₃, and XRD verified the crystalline nature of the catalyst, with a distinct La₂O₂CO₃ peak observed at 15.9133°. Elemental mapping further demonstrated homogeneous distribution of the active components within the catalyst matrix. Transesterification experiments using soybean oil at varying methanol-to-oil ratios (3:1, 6:1, 9:1, 12:1) and catalyst loadings (1–5 wt%) revealed that biodiesel yield was strongly influenced by these parameters, with the 6:1 ratio producing the highest biodiesel yield (85%) despite minimal variation across ratios. The utilization of waste gypsum as a CaO source highlights the environmental and economic advantages of this approach, underscoring the potential of CaO-ZnO/La₂O₂CO₃ as an effective, sustainable heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production.