Characterization Techniques of Shapes, Sizes and Porosities of the Nanoparticles

The fast-expanding field of nanostructures and nanomaterials has aroused a lot of interest because of its varied applications. The size, elemental content, crystal structure, and other physical properties of different nanoparticles can be described in a many way. The identification of nanoparticles is generally done by using different characterisation methods since the best approach depends on the advantages and disadvantages of each methodology. In this article, we will review the present state of knowledge on the evolution, advantages, and disadvantages of the various experimental approaches that can be used to characterise nanoparticles. The different groups and materials present in the nanoparticle, based on the synthesis technique, and its resultant applications, leads to different characterisation methods that are highly significant for examining the size, shape, surface characteristics, structural integrity, and optical behaviour of the NPs. A brief and comprehensive characterisation techniques of different nanoparticle is discussed in this chapter, such as scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, UV–Vis spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. In addition to the general characterization of the nanoparticles, the surface characteristics and porosity of the nanoparticles are also characterised in details in this chapter. Researchers across disciplines are attempting to overcome the challenges of consistently and accurately characterising nanomaterials because of their various methods of synthesis and processing technologies, which is driving force behind the growing importance of nanoparticles in fundamental research and applications.