Scholarlink

Abdulhamid II (born in 21 September 1842 and died in 10 February 1918) was the 34th sultan of the Ottoman Empire , from 1876 to 1909, and the last sultan to exert effective control over the declining empire. His leadership emphasized information gathering as a means of political survival, a seemingly contradiction between conservativeness and modernization, divine legitimacy, and high centralized authority meditated by other forces in the political arena. His leadership illuminates the essentials of religious educational leadership that fits the characteristics and needs of traditional communities and combines spiritual guidance and ideological discourses in parallel to divine support and high hierarchical position.

错误：搜索内容不能为空，请输入英文关键词
错误：关键词超出字数限制，请精简
高级检索

Abdulhamid II and Attempts to Survive in Power

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

查看全文
  • Izhar Oplatka

摘要

Abdulhamid II (born in 21 September 1842 and died in 10 February 1918) was the 34th sultan of the Ottoman Empire , from 1876 to 1909, and the last sultan to exert effective control over the declining empire. His leadership emphasized information gathering as a means of political survival, a seemingly contradiction between conservativeness and modernization, divine legitimacy, and high centralized authority meditated by other forces in the political arena. His leadership illuminates the essentials of religious educational leadership that fits the characteristics and needs of traditional communities and combines spiritual guidance and ideological discourses in parallel to divine support and high hierarchical position.